Manna producing insects

O projektu:

Slovenija je poznana po svoji rastlinski pestrosti, zaradi česar lahko čebelarji izkoriščajo različne čebelje paše in pridobivajo vrstni med. Vrste medu so poimenovane po rastlinah, na katerih čebele nabirajo medičino ali mano. Vrstna pestrost medu je v Sloveniji posebnost, ki jo je potrebno ohranjati in čebelarje spodbujati in usmerjati k pridelavi vrstnega medu, saj vrstna pestrost pomeni prednost pri trženju medu in tako povečuje konkurenčnost slovenskega čebelarstva.

Poseben pomen ima urbano čebelarstvo v MOL. 

Področje vrstne sestave sesajočih žuželk lesnatih rastlin, ki proizvajajo mano je v mestnem okolju neraziskano in zato želimo dopolniti znanje na tem področju. Parkovni gozdovi pokrivajo več kot 46% MOL in so izredno pomemben vir različnih vrst medu. Podatki kažejo, da v naših gozdovih najdemo 109 medečih lesnatih rastlin, na katerih se prehranjujejo predstavniki vsaj desetih družin sesajočih žuželk iz skupine Hemiptera  (Jurc in Mikulič 2001 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305770863_Gozdno_medenje_in_medece_lesnate_rastline_v_gozdovih_Slovenije_Forest_honeydew_and_melliferous_woody_plants_in_the_forests_of_Slovenia, Blackman in Eastop 1994, Fauna Europaea http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=55830).

Raziskovalci gozdnega medenja ugotavljajo, da se v Sloveniji pojavljajo tudi nekatere invazivne tujerodne vrste žuželk, ki proizvajajo obilico mane, kot je npr. polifagen medeči škržatek,  Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (ali nekateri kaparji, ki lahko poleg že znanih medečih žuželk pomenijo novo pašo za čebele. Želimo ugotoviti zastopanost in vrstno sestavo proizvajalcev  mane na nekaterih drevesnih vrstah in pojasniti njihov pomen pri nastajanju že znanih in novih vrst medu. 

Pomembna je tudi ugotovitev širjenja tujerodne invazivne pisane polonice (Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773)), ki lahko negativno učinkuje na proizvajane mane pri nas. 

 

Poleg tega se v zadnjih časih pojavljajo tudi nove vrste medu, katerih lastnosti še niso opisane in se razlikujejo od medu v naravnem okolju.

 

V letu 2015 smo opazili obilno medenje v neketerih predelih Ljubljanske občine. Dne 13.6.2015 smo vzorčili material v Ljubljani in sicer na ostrolistnem javorju (Acer platanoides L.), vrbi žalujki (Salix babylonica L.), jagnjedu (Populus nigra »Italica«), lipi (Tilia spp.), navadni bukvi (Fagus sylvatica L.), brezi (Betula spp.).

 

Rezultati:

  • Chaitophorus leucomelas Koch 1854, Aphididae, Sternorrhyncha, na jagnjedu (najdene  nimfe in alate),
  • Eucallipterus tiliae (Linnaeus 1758),  Aphididae, Sternorrhyncha, na lipi, (krilati osebki),  
  • Periphyllus acericola (Walker 1848)?, Aphididae, Sternorrhyncha, na javorju (poškodovan vzorec), 
  • Chaitophorus vitellinae (Schrank 1801)?, Aphididae, Sternorrhyncha, na vrbi, (poškodovan vzorec), 
  • Phyllaphis fagi (Linnaeus 1767), Aphididae, Sternorrhyncha, na navdni bukvi, 
  • Betulaphis sp. ali Euceraphis sp., na brezi. 
  • nabrali smo tudi vzorce predstavnikov Auchenorrhyncha (škržadi in škržatki) na Acer platanoides, na Salix sp. in Populus sp., in Fagus sylvatica, določanje vrst še poteka;
  • Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830), imagi, jagnjed.

 

Pri nabiranju vzorcev sesajočih žuželk v Ljubljani, 13.6.2015 smo ugotovili izredno močno medenje javorja, jagnjeda in babilonske vrbe v Ljubljani. Na listih, ki so bili prekriti z mano, smo našli jajčeca in ličinke pisane polinice (Harmonia axyridis (Pallas,1773)).

Ta invazivna tujerodna vrsta polonice je prisotna že skoraj v celotni Sloveniji in lahko reducira sesajoče žuželke in posledično tudi produkcijo medu pri nas (Koch 2003).

 

Zahvala:

Večino determinacij je opravil dr. Leopold Polaković-Pajnik (Institut za nizijsko šumarstvo i životnu sredinu, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, Antona Cehova 13d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Determinacije vrorcev ČZS). Za to obsežno delo se dr. Poljaković-Pajniku iskreno zahvaljujemo.

 

Literatura:

Binazzi, A., 2010. Fauna Europaea: Phylloxeridae. In Nieto Nafria, J. M. (ed.) (2010) Fauna Europaea: Hemiptera: Aphidoidea. Fauna Europaea version, 2.3,http://www.faunaeur.org

Blackman, R.L., Eastop, V. F., 1994. Aphids on the World’s Trees. Identification and Information Guide. CAB International and the Natural History Museum 986 pp.

Brus, R., 2005. Dendrologija za gozdarje. Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire, Ljubljana, 408 s.

Jurc, M., Mikulič, V., 2001. Gozdno medenje in medeče lesnate rastline v gozdovih Slovenije = Forest honeydew and melliferous woody plants in the forests of Slovenia). Gozdarski vestnik, ISSN 0017-2723, 2001, letn. 59, št. 1, str. 18-27. 

Jurc, M., 2007. Fitofagne žuželke v spreminjajočih se okoljskih razmerah = Phytophagous insects in a changing environmental conditions. V: JURC, Maja (ur.). Podnebne spremembe : vpliv na gozd in gozdarstvo = Climate changes : impact on forest and forestry, (Studia forestalia Slovenica, ISSN 0353-6025, št. 130). Ljubljana: Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire: = Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources Slovenia, 2007, str. 217-235.

Kosztarab, M., Kozár, F., 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Akademiai Kiado,Budapest, 456 pp.

Koch, R.L., 2003. The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis: A review of its biology, uses in biological control, and non-target impacts. Journal of Insect Science, 3:1-16. Fauna Europaea, http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=55830, 27.7.2016

Martinčič, A., Wraber, T., Jogan, N., Podobnik, A., Turk, B., Vreš, B., 1999. Mala flora Slovenije, Ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. Tretja, dopolnjena in spremenjena izdaja. Tehniška založba Slovenije, 845 str.

Fulton, D.C., Stettlerb, M., Mettlerb, T.,  Vaughanc, K.C.,  Lid, J., Franciscod, P., Gile, M.,  Reinholdb, H., Eickeb, S., Messerlib, G., Dorkena, G., Hallidaya, K., Smithf, M.A., Smithd S.M., Zeemanb, C.Z., 2008. β-AMYLASE4, a Noncatalytic Protein Required for Starch Breakdown, Acts Upstream of Three Active β-Amylases in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts. The Plant Cell April 2008   vol. 20  no. 4  1040-1058.

Seljak, G., 2008. Scale insects introduced into Slovenia in the last fifty years. V: Branco, M. (ur.), Franco, J. C. (ur.), Hodgson, C. (ur.). Proceedings of the XI International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, Oeiras, Portugal, 24-27 September 2007. Lisbon: ISA, 2008, str. 121-127.

Stadler,B., Schrammb, A., Kalbitz, K., 2006. Ant-mediated effects on spruce litter decomposition, solution chemistry, and microbial activity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38 (2006) 561–572.

 

Ogled celotnega poročila:

/s/u/Medece_zuzelke_MOL.pdf

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